Pulse shaping network to derive synchronizing pulses for triggering a generator



July 18, 1950 J. HAANTJES PULSE SHAPING NETWORK TO DERIVE SYNCHRONIZING PULSES FOR TRIGGERING A GENERATOR Filed July 20, 1946 [MA GE 14W 7 00 77/ 664 56? TOR 2 rma Jill/700 7' 7 [a 95mm 70/2 JLILDE] 7 C5 Patented July 18, 1930 PULSE SHAPING NETWORK T DERIVE 'SYN- Y CHRONIZING PULSES FOBTBIGGERING A GENERATOR Johan Haantjes, Ein'dhoven; Netherlands, assignor to Hartford National Bank and Trust Company, Hartford,' Conng as trustee Application July zo, 1946, Serial No. 685,154 In theNetherlands June 15, 1945 Section 1, Public Law 690, August 8, 1946 v Patent expires June15,' 1965 3 claims. @(01. 17s7.3)

the transmission of stationary or movingimages, in which line and image synchronizing pulses are transmitted with the image current, it is known to separate the image synchronizing pulses from the line synchronizing pulses by con verting the pulses having like amplitudes but differing duration into pulses of different amplitudes and by selecting these by means of an amplitude filter. For this purpose the mixture of'imageand line synchronizing pulses is .sup plied to the series combination of a resistance and a condenser, the time constant of which is'so high that duringthe occurrence of the 'com-, paratively short line synchronizing pulses across the condenser a but low voltage is set up, whereas during the image synchronizing pulses,v which have a considerably longer duration, the condenser is charged up to a so much highervoltag'e that the latter is capable of overcoming a threshold voltage and thus can be separated. The time "which elapses between the beginning of an image synchronizing pulse and the moment at which the condenser voltage reaches the threshold voltage depends on the amplitude of the pulse, so that when this amplitude is subjected to variations, the said time also varies. This re sults in the regularity of the synchronization of the image sawtooth generator in the receiver being upset.

*The object of the invention is to provide a method of synchronizing an image sawtooth gene'rator, by which this deficiency can be obviated. The invention utilises the fact that in the transmission method of interlaced scanning which at present is solely in use, the image synchronizing pulses are interrupted by pulses having double the frequency of the line synchronizing pulses.

According to the invention, the synchronization of the image sawtooth generator is effected at theend of the first interruption pulse. This method can be carried out by supplying the mixture of image and line synchronizing pulses to a network, the characteristic response curveofwhich rises at first, then drops for a time approximately equal to the duration of a line synchronizing pulse, and then rises again, this riseterminating after a time approximatelyequal to the time elapsing between the beginning'of the image synchronizing pulse and the first interrup tion pulse, and by so adjusting the threshold sensitiveness of the image sawtooth generator as to be exceeded only by the output voltage of the'network occurring at the end of the first in-.- terruption pulse.

I is 'tobe understood to Thecharacteristic response curve of a network 2 mean in this case the output current or voltage occurring when suddenly adirect voltage is applied to the input terminals.

ln order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, it will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawing.

w Fig. -1 illustrates the mixture of line and image synchronizing pulses as obtained in the receiver during thetransmission of images scanned by interlacing and having an odd number of lines per imagepafter the image currents are separated therefrom. A number of line-synchronizing pulses are designedSz and an image synchronizing pulse Sb. The latter is'interrupted by pulses So which have double the frequency of the linesynchronizin-g pulses and may have the same time period or be of shorter duration. It is observed that the beginning of an image synchronizing pulse falls alternatively between two lines andwat the beginning of a line and that the figure illustrates the first case.

According to the invention the synchronization of .an image sawtooth generator is so affected as to occur .at a moment 131 at the trailing edge of. the firstinterruption pulse. For this purpose the pulse mixture shown in Fig. 1 is converted into that ofFig. 2,1a voltage pulse occurring at the (end ofeach interruption pulse, at the moments .1, .t2 and so forth which exceeds the voltage pulse that occurs during the line synchronizing pulses at the beginning to of the image synchronizing pulse. If the threshold sensitivenesseof the image sawtooth generator is fixed by the voltage A, the'synchronization of this generatorwilloccur at the moment t1, which is not subjected to any appreciable change when the amplitude of the incoming pulses varies, since the front flank of the voltage pulse is very steep. The. synchronization will consequently always takeplace at a constant time at the beginning of the image synchronizing pulse. I

.The conversion, oi the pulses shown in Fig. '1 into those of Fig. 2 is achieved in accordance with the invention, by means of a network, the characteristic response curve of which varies in the manner shown in Fig. 3. This characteristic curve represents the output current or voltage of the network as a'function of the time t when at the time i=0 a direct voltage E is suddenly applied to-the input terminals; This step voltage is shown in Fig. 4. The line and image pulses have the same magnitude as voltage E but they are of "aqdefinite-duration. For times smaller than t=-0the voltage is zero and at the time t=0 it leaps to the value E, which further remains maintained. The voltage consequently brings about the output current or voltage shown in Fig. 3, which suddenly increases at the instant i=0, then decreases and eventually increases again, the time T and the duration tz of a line-synchronizing pulse being approximately equalized.

In order to show that a network having a char.- acteristic response curve as shown in Fig. 3, supplies in actual fact the output current or voltage shown in Fig. 2, on the input terminals having supplied to them the pulse mixture shown in Fig 1, it will first of all be ascertained how the output current or voltage behaves on .a line-synchronizing pulse having the time period tz being supplied to the network.

It may be assumed that such a pulse arises from the voltage shown in Fig. 4 and from a voltage of the same form which appears a time t. later and is of opposite polarity, as shown in Fig. 5. The voltage of Fig. A yields the output voltage or current of Fig. 3. The voltage of Fig. 5 yields the same output current or voltage, however of opsite polarity and starting a time tz later, as shown in Fig. 6. The output current or voltage developed by a line synchronizing pulse is consequently found by addition of the curves of Figs. 3 and 6. The result is shown in Fig. 7 and from this it is apparent that the line-synchronizing pulses are converted in actual fact into the pulses shown in Fig. 2.

: It may be assumed that the output current or voltage'of the network developed by the image pulse and its first interruption pulse are built up from the output current or voltage of Fig. 3 generated by a voltage pulse as shown in Fig. 3 and from the output current or voltage of opposite polarity which is developed by a line-synchronizing pulse (that is to say the current or voltage shown in Fig. 7 assumed to have opposite polarity) and which appears a time t1.-tz..to (Fig. 1) later, this being the time which elapses between the beginning of the image pulse and the beginning of the first interruption pulse. The result which is shown in Fig. 8 is identical with that shown in Fig. 2 for the converted image pulses.

It is self-evident that a similar result is achieved when the interruption pulses are of shorter duration than the line-synchronizing pulses; it will furthermore be obvious that with a view of obtaining a maximum amplitude of the current or voltage peak occurring at the end of the first interruption pulse it is desirable that the second increase of the characteristic responsive. curve should terminate in a time period approximately equal to the time which elapses between the beginning of the image pulse and the first interruption pulse.

Now it will be evident from Fig. 3 that if volt. age E is suddenly applied to the input terminals of the network and then maintained for an indefinite period, the response curve will at first rise sharply, then drop for a predetermined pe-. riod, and then rise again to a level predetermined by the applied voltage and thereafter remain at this level as long as voltage E is imposed on the network. It will further be evident that should voltage E be of negative polarity, the response curve would bereversed in sense. Voltage E in Fig. 4 represents a voltage of such dura-v tion as to permit the output curve of the net-. work to run its full course. However, in the case of an applied voltage, such as a line. or image pulse having a definite duration which is less than the time required for the completion of the curve cycle, the shape of the output curve will be determined by this factor. This effect is demonstrated in Figures '7 and 8.

Fig. 7 illustrates the waveform of the network output in response to an applied line pulse S1 (Fig. 1). In analyzing the effect of a voltage pulse 52 on the network it is important to bear in mind that the leading edge of the pulse indicates the sudden application of a voltage E (in the positive sense) to the network, the width of the pulse represents the duration of the applied voltage E, and the trailing edge of the pulse represents the sudden withdrawal of E (in the negative sense) from the network. Hence the effect of the applied line pulse Sz on the output of the network is the same as the application of a step voltage E of Fig. 4 for the period tz, during which time the curve rises in the positive direction and then drops. Thereupon the voltage of the pulse abruptly reverses in direction as through a negative step voltage E as shown in Fig. 5 were applied to the network thereby causing the network to yield the same output voltage as shown in Fig. 3 but of opposite polarity, this effect being Shown in Fig. 6. The output current or voltage developed by the total effect of line pulse S; is consequently found by the additioon of the curve of Fig. 3 for the period tz and the curve of Fig. 6, The resultant waveform is indicated by Fig. '7 and from this it is apparent that the line pulses 82 are converted by the network into the pulses shown on the left side Fig. 2.

A single waveform of the type on the right side o Fi 2 is sh n in Fi 8 w i h ep s nts the ut de lop d by imag pu s .81: and; ts first n er upti n p ls S h analys s of h s. wave QllQ s a on the same line advanced i c nn ction with Fig. 7. It will be seen in Fig. 8 that e curve s t e sa e a that in Fig. 3 or'the time period w ich elapses between the leading edge of mage 1. 1 t and h eadin ed f the first interruption pulse So. At the termination of this period, the curve has again risen after having dro ped Wi h. v v t of th leading dge of. interruption pulse So the polarity of the applied voltage reverses so that the curve then falls abruptly and thereafter continues to rise slowly for the duration of pulse SQ in accordance with the network characteristic. Finally, with the ra lin ge o p ls So. which s in t e positi d rect n h cu v a r pt y ri es o a h l vel. ther by p ov d n the y on z n vo a e for the saw-tooth generator. I

F s- 9. 1. nd rep es nt networks h ing the. haracter s i es nse cu ve shown in i 3- The network shown in Fig. 9 is constituted by the series combination of two impedances connected between the input terminals I, 2. One of the impedances is, formed by a resistance R1 parallel with a condenser C1, the second by a resistance R2 in series with a condenser C2. The output terminals 3 and 4 are connected to the second impedance. It is to be noted that condenser C1 and resistor R1 act as a differentiating circuit, while condenser 02 and resistor R2 act as an integrating circuit. If the voltage shown in Fig. 4 is applied to. the input terminals of the network, the total voltage E will be set up across the re sistance R1 at the first moment at which the condensers Cr and C2 are not yet possessed 01? a charge, this corresponding with the first rise of the output voltage of; Fig. 3. 'Next the char:-

exceeds the time constant R1'+R2) C2, the condenser Ci'will become charged more rapidly than C2, so that the output voltageidecreases, corresponding with the drop of theoutput voltage of Fig.3 immediately after the iirstyoltage increase. Ultimately, when "a' balance is reached, the total voltage E supplied 'to the input terminals m'ustbecome effective across the condenser C2, from which follows that the aforesaid drop must again be succeeded by an increase in output voltage corresponding with the voltage increase which in Fig. 3 starts after the time 1'.

The network shown in Figs. 10, 1'1 and 12 also have the leap characteristic response curve shown in Fig. 3, as can readily be ascertained by reference to considerations similar to those given for the network of Fig. 9. In Fig. 10, by-pass condenser C3 immediately passes the instantaneous rise in the applied voltage, and thereafter condenser 04 is charged through resistors R3 and R4 to cause the drop in the characteristic curve of Fig. 3. After condenser C4 attains its charge, the output voltage again rises. In Fig. 11, the

resistor R5 immediately passes the instantaneous 0 rise of the applied voltage and thereafter the integrating circuit formed by condenser 05 and impedance Re is charged causing the drop in the curve. The output again rises after the condenser is charged. In Fig. 12, condenser C6 bypasses the instantaneous rise of the applied voltage and thereafter condensers C7 and C8 are charged at a rate determined by the constants of the circuit through resistors R7, R8 and R9. After the charge is accumulated, the output voltage again rises. From the foregoing it will be evident that each network curve is characterized by an immediate rise upon the application of the voltage, then a drop for a predetermined period and thereafter a second rise to a level determined by the magnitude of applied voltage. It will further be evident that if the duration of the applied voltage is short and insufiicient to permit full charging of the condensers in the network the shape of the resultant output curve will be determined by the duration of the applied voltage. The synchronizing pulses may frequently be given as current pulses instead of as voltage pulses, for example when the pulses are supplied by an amplifier tube having a high impedance characteristic. In this case, the network converting the pulses must also have a characteristic response curve of the form shown in Fig. 3, it being, however, understood that the output voltage of the network has this form when suddenly a direct current is supplied to the input terminals of the network.

What I claim is:

1. In a television system, a network adapted to derive synchronizing pulses from a composite synchronizing signal constituted by a train of horizontal synchronizing pulses of brief duration, said train being followed by a vertical synchronizing pulse of relatively prolonged duration, said vertical synchronizing pulse being serrated by a train of periodic tertiary pulses of brief duration whose repetition rate is double that of said horizontal pulses, said network comprising a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, one input terminal and one output terminal being interconnected, and pulse-shaping means intercoupling said input and output terminals and including first impedance means connected between the other input terminal and the other output terminal and second impedance" means connected between a point on said firstimpedance means and said interconnection, said first and second im p edance means having time constants at which in response to an applied step voltage at the input terminals the output voltage yielded at the output terminals rises instantaneously, then drops during an intervalsubstantially equal to the duration of one of said horizontal pulses, and then rises again, the latter rise terminating after an interval substantially equal to the time elapsing between the leading edge of said vertical pulse and the leading edge of the first pulse in said train of tertiary pulses.

2. In a television system, a network adapted to derive synchronizing pulses from a composite synchronizing signal constituted by a train of horizontal synchronizing pulses of brief duration, said train being followed by a vertical synchronizing pulse of relatively prolonged duration, said vertical synchronizing pulse being serrated by a train of periodic tertiary pulses of brief duration whose repetition rate is double that of said horizontal pulses, said network comprising a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, one of said input terminals being connected to one of said output terminals, a voltage differentiating circuit coupled between the other of said input terminals and the other of said output terminals, and a voltage integrating circuit connected across said output terminals, said integrating and differentiating circuits possessing time constants at which in response to an applied step voltage at the input terminals the output voltage yielded at the output terminals rises instantaneously, then drops during an interval substantially equal to the duration of one of said horizontal pulses, and then rises again, the latter rise terminating after an. interval substantially equal to the time elapsing between the leading edge of said vertical pulse and the leading edge of the first pulse in said train of tertiary pulses.

3. In a television system, a network adapted to derive synchronizing pulses from a composite synchronizing signal constituted by a train of horizontal synchronizing pulses of brief duration, said train being followed by a vertical synchronizing pulse of relatively prolonged duration, said vertical synchronizing pulse being serrated by a train of periodic tertiary pulses of brief duration whose repetition rate is double that of said horizontal pulses, said network comprising a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, one of said input terminals being connected to one of said output terminals, 2. first condenser, a first resistor in shunted connection with said first condenser to form a differentiating circuit, said differentiating circuit being connected between the other of said input terminals and the other of said output terminals, and a second condenser and a second resistor connected in series with said second condenser across said output terminals and forming an integrating circuit, said differentiating and integrating circuits having time constants at which in response to an applied step Voltage at the input terminals the output voltage yielded at the output terminals rises instantaneously, then drops for a period substantially equal to the duration 7 8 l of one 0f:said horizontal pulses, and then rises UNITED STATES PATENTS again, the latter rise terminating after an in- N b N V tervai substantially equal to the time elapsing beig g gg g Mar gi tween the leading edge of said vertical pulse and 2198969 Lewis H 1940 the leadingedge 0f the first pulse in said train of 5 2206695 fi'g'l'liiii Jul'y 1940 ternary l 2,207,775 Bedford July 16. 1940 JOI-IAN HAANTJES. 2,230,803 Klipsch et a1. -r Feb. 4, 1941 REFERENCES CITED FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date The following references are of record in the 34 337 Frame Sept, 27 1939 file of this Patent: 110,863 Australia June 19,1940 

